What is FGM/C?
FGM/C is internationally recognized as a severe form of gender-based violence and a grave human rights violation. It violates fundamental rights to physical integrity, health, safety, and dignity, as well as the right to be free from cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment. Furthermore, it stands in direct contradiction to the universal principles of equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex.
Different Terms: Mutilation / Circumcision / Cutting
In practice, various terms are used:
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
This term is used primarily in the context of human rights. It emphasizes that—unlike male circumcision—this practice constitutes a serious violation of the physical integrity and rights of girls and women.Female Genital Cutting (FGC)
The term FGC is sometimes used to phrase the issue in a more culturally sensitive manner and to facilitate dialogue with affected communities. Critics argue, however, that this can downplay the health risks and the human rights dimension of the procedure. For this reason, the dual designation FGM/C is frequently used.Cutting
A shorter, more neutral term frequently used in international practice or when working with affected communities.
Internationally, the umbrella term FGM/C is increasingly used to take into account both the human rights dimension and cultural sensitivities.
Definition according to the World Health Organization (WHO)
The WHO defines FGM/C as:
Any procedure in which the external female genitalia are partially or completely removed or injured for non-medical reasons.
It is important to clearly distinguish this from medically necessary procedures (e.g., for certain medical conditions).
FGM/C is performed without medical indication and offers no health benefits—on the contrary, it is associated with significant health risks.
The WHO distinguishes four main types (Types I–IV).
Forms and Types of FGM/C (Explained Simply)
Type I – Partial or complete removal of the clitoral hood and/or the tip of the clitoris
In this procedure, the sensitive tip of the clitoris or its hood is removed. Minor procedures also fall under this category.
Type II – Removal of the inner or outer labia (with or without the clitoris)
In addition to the clitoris, the inner and/or outer labia may also be partially or completely removed.
Type III – Infibulation (most severe form)
The inner and/or outer labia are removed, and the vaginal opening is almost completely closed by sewing the tissue together or narrowing it.
Only a small opening remains for menstruation or sexual intercourse. This form is particularly harmful to health.
Type IV – Other Harmful Practices
This includes all other non-medical procedures such as piercing, cutting, cauterizing, stretching, or burning in the genital area.
